• Structure and execute PL/SQL blocks (anonymous, named) 
• Create procedures, functions, packages, and triggers 
• Use cursors, explicit and implicit, and bulk operations 
• Handle exceptions and design robust error handling 
• Leverage advanced features: collections, records, object types 
• Manage large data sets with bulk binds, FORALL, dynamic SQL 
• Understand PL/SQL compiler optimization, profiling, and performance tuning 
• Implement secure, maintainable PL/SQL programs 

• Developers building Oracle applications 
• DBAs supporting PL/SQL environments 

1) PL/SQL Basics & Block Structure 

• Anatomy of a PL/SQL block (declaration, executable, exception) 
• Anonymous blocks vs named blocks 
• Variables, constants, datatypes 
• %TYPE, %ROWTYPE usage 

Lab 

• Write simple anonymous blocks 
• Declare and initialize variables 
• Use %TYPE and %ROWTYPE in blocks 

2) Control Structures & Loops 

• Conditional logic (IF, CASE) 
• Loop constructs: LOOP, WHILE, FOR 
• EXIT, GOTO, nested loops 

Lab 

• Build blocks with IF and CASE 
• Write loops to process sets of data 
• Use EXIT, nested loops for real logic 

3) Cursors & Cursor Management 

• Implicit vs explicit cursors 
• Cursor FOR loops 
• Parameterized cursors 
• Cursor attributes (FOUND, NOTFOUND, %ROWCOUNT) 

Lab 

• Create explicit cursors over queries 
• Use cursor FOR loops 
• Parameterize cursors and fetch attributes 

4) Procedures & Functions 

• Create procedures and functions 
• IN, OUT, IN OUT parameters 
• Deterministic vs non-deterministic functions 
• Function calls in SQL 

Lab 

• Build stored procedures and functions 
• Pass parameters and return values 
• Call functions in SQL and PL/SQL contexts 

5) Packages & Modular PL/SQL Design 

• Package specification and body 
• Public vs private elements 
• Initialization blocks 
• Overloading and package state 

Lab 

• Design and build a package 
• Encapsulate utility code 
• Use overloading and initialization 

6) Exception Handling & Logging 

• Predefined and user-defined exceptions 
• RAISE, PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT 
• Logging and error propagation 
• WHEN OTHERS best practices 

Lab 

• Include exception blocks in procedures 
• Define custom errors and map to codes 
• Log errors to tables or files 

7) Collections, Records & Data Structures 

• PL/SQL collections: nested tables, varrays, associative arrays 
• Records and %ROWTYPE 
• Multilevel data structures 
• Using collections in programs 

Lab 

• Create and manipulate collections 
• Use records to aggregate data 
• Combine collections and records 

8) Bulk Processing & Performance Techniques 

• FORALL, BULK COLLECT 
• LIMIT clause 
• Bulk binds and reducing context switches 
• Dynamic SQL (EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, DBMS_SQL) 

Lab 

• Rework cursor logic using bulk operations 
• Use FORALL and BULK COLLECT 
• Write dynamic SQL blocks 

9) Advanced PL/SQL Features 

• Autonomous transactions 
• PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE, NOCOPY 
• Optimizing PL/SQL: PLSQL_OPTIMIZE_LEVEL, profiling 
• Security: invoker’s rights vs definer’s rights 

Lab 

• Build a routine with autonomous transactions 
• Test NOCOPY and evaluate output 
• Profile PL/SQL units 
• Demonstrate privilege models